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Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.
The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture).
Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins. Biofuels include methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel. Cut flowers, nursery plants, tropical fish and birds for the pet trade are some of the ornamental products.
The services sector has overtaken agriculture as the economic sector employing the most people worldwide.

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Job Descriptions

The agriculture sector is very popular for offering job opportunities to a large number of people. There are several jobs available in the agriculture sector, which is considered to be the main source of livelihood for many people even today. So if you are also looking for agriculture jobs, then quickly have a look at the various agriculture jobs that are available today.
Unlike in the yester years, today, there are several degree colleges, post-graduate colleges as well as universities that are conducting research work on agriculture. You can join these colleges and universities as an Agriculture Research Scientist or an Agriculture Development Officer. Also, there are several private organizations looking for Research Scientist. The main objective of an Agriculture Research Scientist is to find out ways for increasing the level of agricultural output by way of increasing the quantity of soil nutrients, making plants resistant to pests and other diseases, and so on.
Apart from these, there are several other job opportunities in agriculture. Some of them include labeling, farm management, land appraisal, packaging, and so on. Some other jobs in the agriculture sector include the following:

• Ranchers and Farmers: Ranchers raise livestock for the production of eggs, meat and dairy products. On the other hand, farmers are responsible for growing crops meant for consumption.
• Fishers: Fishers are responsible for catching wild fish. They usually work on oceans as well as rivers on boats.
• Foresters: Foresters help in organizing reforestation work. They are also responsible for treating the diseased trees. • Agriculture Managers: They are responsible for supervising the daily activities of the laborers in big fisheries, farms, ranches and timber tracts and also for looking after the operation of the business as a whole.
• Agricultural Laborers: They are people who work in farms and are responsible for preparing the soil, planting seeds, farming or lumbering, applying proper fertilizers and pesticides, and harvesting the crops. Those who work in fisheries or ranches are responsible for feeding the animals or fish and also for milking cows, collecting eggs, and so on.
These are some of the popular agriculture jobs that are available today. Sounds interesting, isn't it? So just go through these job openings and get your dream agriculture job today!

Accountancy is the process of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The principles of accountancy are applied to business entities in three divisions of practical art, named accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing.
Accountancy is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as "the profession or duties of an accountant".
Accounting is defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) as "the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof."
Accounting is thousands of years old; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7,000 years, were found in Mesopotamia (Assyrians). The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting evolved, improving over the years and advancing as business advanced.



Early accounts served mainly to assist the memory of the businessperson and the audience for the account was the proprietor or record keeper alone. Cruder forms of accounting were inadequate for the problems created by a business entity involving multiple investors, so double-entry bookkeeping first emerged in northern Italy in the 14th century, where trading ventures began to require more capital than a single individual was able to invest. The development of joint stock companies created wider audiences for accounts, as investors without firsthand knowledge of their operations relied on accounts to provide the requisite information. Today, accounting is called "the language of business" because it is the vehicle for reporting financial information about a business entity to many different groups of people. Accounting that concentrates on reporting to people inside the business entity is called management accounting and is used to provide information to employees, managers, owner-managers and auditors. Management accounting is concerned primarily with providing a basis for making management or operating decisions. Accounting that provides information to people outside the business entity is called financial accounting and provides information to present and potential shareholders, creditors such as banks or vendors, financial analysts, economists, and government agencies. Because these users have different needs, the presentation of financial accounts is very structured and subject to many more rules than management accounting. The body of rules that governs financial accounting in a given jurisdiction is called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP. Other rules include International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, or US GAAP.

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Accounting Information System

Accounting information system is a system of records, usually computer based, which combines accounting principles and concepts with the benefits of an information system and which is used to analyze and record business transactions for the purpose to prepare financial statements and provide accounting data to its users. Some accounting information systems are still manual, i.e. accounting records are made with a pen, paper and manual entries into accounting books.
How are Such Systems Used?
These systems can be customized to meet the needs of a business. For example, information technology professionals responsible for business processes and information technology professionals responsible for the accounting information system can work together to develop and implement such a system so that it automatically gets information from other sources already in use by the business. Also, the systems can be set up to feature certain functions that are important to the business and eliminate functions minor to the business. Information can be automatically fed, or manually fed into a business accounting information system at whatever pace and however often it is necessary.
What are the Benefits of Using Accounting Information System?
Businesses use accounting information systems to make their accounting activities easier, quicker, and more accurate, since accounting records are analyzed and financial statements are prepared within the system, which allows to safe time of employees and avoid mistakes. Since many accounting information systems are equipped with error-reducing mechanisms and gather information regarding transactions electronically and automatically, data entry and computing errors are rare. Also, as mentioned above, since such systems are often automatically populated with transaction information, many accounting processes are less cumbersome and time-consuming when using such system.
Also to consider whether business needs accounting information system and what kind of system is required thorough analysis of business and accounting processes has to be made to determine precise requirements.

The seller or salesperson – the provider of the goods or services – completes a sale in response to an acquisition or to an appropriation or to a request. There follows the passing of title (property or ownership) in the item, and the application and due settlement of a price, the obligation for which arises due to the seller's requirement to pass ownership. Ideally, a seller agrees upon a price at which he willingly parts with ownership of or any claim upon the item. The purchaser, though a party to the sale, does not execute the sale, only the seller does that. To be precise the sale completes prior to the payment and gives rise to the obligation of payment. If the seller completes the first two above stages (consent and passing ownership) of the sale prior to settlement of the price, the sale remains valid and gives rise to an obligation to pay.


Difference Between a Short Sale and a Foreclosure

If you have been considering investing in a foreclosed home or short sale there are some details you might want to know before taking the plunge. Here are the main differences between a short sale and foreclosure.
There is a difference between a short sale and foreclosure. A short sale is when the homeowner can no longer afford the home and needs to move. They may have already tried to sell the home themselves and recoup what they have invested in the home but when the home is not worth as much as the owner owes on the home, they can opt for a short sale. A Short Sale is when the homeowner contacts the bank holding the note to the home and informs them of their situation. The bank will usually work with the owner to keep the home and the payments current as much as they can. Banks are not in the real estate business and don't like to take back a home that has not been paid for. When the homeowner tells the bank they cannot afford the home any longer and they can't sell it on their own, the bank will agree to a short sale meaning the bank will agree to take less on the home to get the owners out of the home as fast as possible. The bank is taking a hit but because of the communication from the owners to the bank, there is less damage on the credit report of the home owners.
It is typically where the bank won't work with the owners or the owners have simply given up on trying to keep the house or their credit in good standing. The owner simply stop making payments and there is foreclosure notice on the home at this point. The homeowners typically have 3 months to vacate the home and move on with their credit in a wreck. The home is typically in shambles because if the home owner didn't care enough about their lasting credit score, they are not much concerned with a temporary home at this point. Some homes are in bad need of repair and TLC.

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Foreclosure homes are usually not going to have the bank fix much of anything and if you choose to buy one, be prepared for some major remodeling. Short sales on the other hand may still be in a decent state depending on the homeowner themselves. They usually get to live in the home until it sells and no one will come to evict them until the sale closes. The owners do not have a say in the sale though. All offers are directed to the bank for approval and even though it's a "short" sale, it can take up to 9 months to close.
There are many good deals to be found in foreclosures and short sales. For a complete list of short sales and foreclosures in the Alabama homes area consider checking out Exit Realty of the Valley. They are experts in helping buyers find and buy all Huntsville real estate and property.

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited."
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. International tourism receipts grew to US$919 billion (euro 693 billion) in 2010, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.7%. As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer months. Tourism is vital for many countries, such as France, Egypt, Greece, Israel, United States, Spain, Italy,and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.

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Internet Marketing of Tourism Products

Tourism is an easily understandable term for most people. But the phrase internet marketing of tourism products may seem to appear fresh up until now. In layman's term, the marketing of tourism products is basically what a travel agency does: book flights, schedule overseas trips, help in processing passport and other travel documents, and ensure that all clients will have a wonderful vacation ahead of them.
Because the internet is becoming the medium of transaction for many businesses nowadays, even tourism centers and travel agencies can now be found online. A simple Google search of the term 'travel agencies' will point people to different travel agency websites on the internet. Also, this is a preferable form of inquiring about travel and tour packages when people are just starting out in the search for the perfect agency that will handle their vacation. People can anonymously view the prices for domestic and overseas trips and compare one travel agency. A person can do these and more without facing the intimidating feel of travel agencies or the travel agents themselves.
Furthermore, the internet can also provide additional information about the tourist destination that people want to know more about. For example, a person who inquires in an online travel agency will be able to get links on reviews about Croatia. This small island paradise is not readily advertised by travel agencies because it is largely unknown to tourists. But internet marketing of tourism products enables even the smallest countries to advertise themselves freely in the internet.
Setting up such a business in an urban, highly populated place does not differ much if it was placed in the suburbs since only people with the intention to travel will most likely enter the offices. But if it is transformed into an internet campaign then people will find it more accessible and will find time to browse tourist packages even with no apparent intention of taking a vacation.
Advertising campaigns in the internet about tourism products is also much simpler and more widespread. Tweet about soon-to-expire airline tickets, promos, discounted flights or free hotel accommodations. People love to be updated about the things they are interested in. And that is the catch word there: interest. In order to differentiate your marketing strategy to spam-worthy tweets and e-mails, find out if the people you are sending information to are really interested in the products and services that are offered by the company where you work.
Internet marketing of tourism products is largely dependent on the rates that are offered by the travel agency. Find out which time of the year is the best time to fly to an overseas country. Also, ask the hotel if they have free breakfast or other freebies.

Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging items (often with symbolic significance) in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music, literature, film, photography, sculpture, and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics, and even disciplines such as history and psychology analyze its relationship with humans and generations.
Traditionally, the term art was used to refer to any skill or mastery. Generally, art is made with the intention of stimulating thoughts and emotions.



The Importance Of Art

When we look around us, we see a lot of things that relate to art, contain art, are art and shows art. Art is everywhere because people need to use it for daily uses. Art can come in the form of many things, including posters, murals, portraits, covers, paintings and more. However, why do people everyday use it? What significance does it hold?
A common usage of art is to show ideas. Ideas can come in many forms, writing, talking but art is and can be viewed by many without the need of voice. People look at art to look at different ideas that they want to know more about or may be studying. Art can shows ideas about the past, what has happened as of late, what is currently happening and what may happen in the future. Art can show ideas about society, something good or something bad.
Art can also be used to show meaning. People can use art to show love, to show boredom and to show creativity. Art can be meaningful because of the images that can be collected into one small area. It is then up to the person to look at this form of art and to think about it and to make a conclusion about it. Is it shocking, it is sad or is it nice? If someone is sad, they may choose to paint something that is deep, dark and not bright. If someone is in joyful mood, they may want to paint beautiful things in life, such as children, nature and seasons. Art is meaningful because of the colors, shapes and depictions it can create.

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Art can also be used to liven up things in this world. When you write a report, it looks dull, but when you add a picture or two to it, it looks much better because now there is visual aid. Art is found everywhere, including parks, buildings, and is used just to make the place more comfortable and appealing to the public. Art is also a great tool for learning. Art can be found in almost everywhere where there is a school. Art is important because of what it can be used for. Art is fun and acts as an interactive tool for reluctant learners, younger students. However, when these students grow up, they can learn to appreciate art for what it can do for them. In the process, people can learn a lot because art is almost as effective as written things. Sometimes, art and writing go hand in hand.
One obviously reason for the art, is that many people depend on it. People who draw are not the only people who use and make money off of art. People who are book publishers, magazine editors, newspaper people all need to use art to supplement their work. Art is used by some people directly and some indirectly. Art can show the passage of time. During parts of history, writing was not used by certain civilizations because they did not know how to use it, such as the caveman. However, they were still able to communicate through means of art. They used art to show cravings and to represent things in life. We can see the thought process of these people and how they used their materials.
Art also acts as a great thinking agent. It allows for thought because of what it means to analyze art. People are not suppose to just look at art for what it is. They are supposed to draw ideas and to really think about what is going on in the picture. Art stimulates thought because it is required for greater understanding.
Lastly, art connects people around the war. Although, art is not a language, people do not need to know anything about another language and can draw ideas from what they see. Everyone in the world can make their own voice heard.

Britannica Online defines art as "the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others." By this definition of the word, artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind: from early pre-historic art to contemporary art; however, some theories restrict the concept to modern Western societies. A few examples where this meaning proves very broad include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, and military arts. The second and more recent sense of the word art is as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art and emerged in the early 17th century. Goethe defined art as an other resp. a second nature, according to his ideal of a style that be founded on the very basic fundaments of insight and on the innermost character of things.
The word art can describe several things: a study of creative skill, a process of using the creative skill, a product of the creative skill, or the audience's experience with the creative skill. The creative arts (art as discipline) are a collection of disciplines (arts) that produce artworks (art as objects) that are compelled by a personal drive (art as activity) and echo or reflect a message, mood, or symbolism for the viewer to interpret (art as experience). Artworks can be defined by purposeful, creative interpretations of limitless concepts or ideas in order to communicate something to another person. They can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Art is something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the senses. Although the application of scientific knowledge to derive a new scientific theory involves skill and results in the "creation" of something new, this represents science only and is not categorized as art.


Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it will be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are sometimes considered applied art. Some art followers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about the art than any clear definitional difference. The purpose of works of art may be to communicate ideas, such as in politically, spiritually, or philosophically motivated art; to create a sense of beauty (see aesthetics); to explore the nature of perception; for pleasure; or to generate strong emotions. The purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent.

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Folk Art

Folk art is not art as most people would think. You find it in people's homes, garages, and attics. The best way to describe folk art is to say it is the craftsmanship of people from a local area which depicts the everyday life and times they shared. From the weather vane on the barn to the handcrafted rag dolls the children played with, that is something you can not put a price on.
Traditional, high end art is produced by a talented painter or sculptor whose personality or life may be depicted in the piece. This was not created by a named artist but by ordinary people who needed certain things. These items were used everyday. They were created to make life simpler or more enjoyable. The people who created them would never have dreamed of selling them at some upscale auction house. The items were passed out to family and friends. There was no price tag.
Quilts are a popular form of folk art. The seamstress was making a bed cover for her family. If she was adept with her needle, there may have been detailed embroidery done on the piece or appliqué work depicting scenes from the area. Some of the quilts were made for special occasions such as the wedding quilt. The rings symbolized the union of the two getting married. These handcrafted quilts and blankets are in great demand in today's market.
The tradition of folk art continues to this day. People are still creating things to make their lives easier or more comfortable. Toys are created for the children. Some pieces are created for the sheer beauty of it, like wood carvings. Local craftsmen who are proud of their heritage are picking up the tradition and starting to teach the younger ones how to do things, like basket weaving or tin smithing.
There are festivals all across the country celebrating the heritage of different regions. Many local craftsmen set up displays to show off their handy work and creations. Some offer these items for sale to the visitors. With more time on their hands many people would turn to their craft to past the time.
The American Folk Art Museum located in New York City has many exhibits from all over the country. There are paintings which depict the lives of the artists. There are many quilts on display. Visitors can view pottery and tin pieces made in the 18th and 19th century. Certain markings made on the pieces have allowed the artisan to be traced through the years. It is interesting to see the styles each master craftsman used to create their works. Toys and painted board games are on display to see what the children of the times played with.
Folk art is a reflection of the past history of America. It shows the history of this nation. Every piece is a part of the heritage of the United States.

A craft is a branch of profession that requires some particular kind of skilled work. In historical sense, particularly as pertinent to the Medieval history and earlier, the term is usually applied towards people occupied in small-scale production of goods. Historically, craftsmen tended to concentrate in urban centers and formed the guilds. Trade occupation and the need to be permanently involved in the exchange of goods also demanded a generally higher level of education and in societal hierarchy the craftsmen were usually in a more privileged position than the peasantry.
The households of the members of the society occupied in trade professions were not as self-sufficient as of those engaged in agricultural work and, as such, had to rely on exchange of goods.



This system of a stepwise approach to mastery of a craft which invokes the obtainment of a certain amount of education and the learning of skills, has survived in some countries of the world until today, although craft has undergone deep structural changes during the era of the Industrial Revolution in which mass production of goods of the industry has limited craft to areas of life which the industry could not satisfy - due to its modes of functioning - or in which mass-produced goods would not meet the preferences of potential buyers. Moreover, as an outcome of these changes, craftspeople increasingly make use of semi-finished components or materials today, and accomplish and adapt such a kind of ware to their customers' demands and, if necessary, to the environments of their customers, taking it in hand, in case fitting-work is needed, and thus augment what the industry already had produced - through participating in a certain division of labour between industry and craft.

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Is Craft Artistry?

Almost a year after I debated the Art versus Craft question, I thought it timely to address the question again, from a slightly different angle, but with the basic principle unchanged. The ensuing time has not altered or even slightly detracted from my belief that serious Craft has its foundations firmly anchored in the world of Art.
Even in the initial stages of the majority of crafting pursuits, where the creations are firstly made as keepsakes for self and others to inherit, or gifts for family and loved ones - the workmanship and care and passion are spent lavishly, to make the best possible item. The crafts are innumerable. Needlework-type pursuits alone encompass fine cross-stitch, embroidery, tapestry, appliqué, lace-making, patchwork, knitting and crocheting...each one with countless variations. And then the paper crafts, embracing all the possibilities contained in scrap booking, card and gift box making, origami (or paper-folding), decoupage, quilling, pergamano (or parchment cutting and decorating)...ever-expanding to include such artistry as calligraphy, etc. And of course, china painting, ceramics, jewellery-making...there are an endless variety of pursuits to choose.
Sometimes a craftsperson will seek recognition of his artistry and maybe the chance for some monetary reward by offering the creations for sale in an appropriate shop. Added to the problem is the question of who takes responsibility and wears the loss from public damage or theft...not to mention the competition with mass-produced and consequently cheaper items.
Having a stall at a local market - indoors or outdoors - can be successful, some of the time. But the very nature of the 'traffic flow', past all the stalls, with owners/creators behind their wares, can make it easy (and often more comfortable)for the potential customer to just give the handiwork a sweeping glance...and 'walk on by'. The skills involved in the production of the handmade 'gems' on view often receive small acknowledgement or even voiced acceptance and approval.
Similarly, popular on-line selling websites, both Australian and International, can most often leave the skilled craftsperson bewildered by his lack of marketing expertise, compared to the lower pricing and array of numbers of mass-produced goods, usually coming from countries with incredibly low overheads...like wages. In this 'hard-nosed' arena, there is little room for minor attributes like unique or 'one of a kind' creations; of skilled workmanship and attention to detail. The artistry of the craftsperson seems of small importance, compared to the fast turnover of the multitude of cheaper imitations flooding these internet markets.
In my previous article, the word Integrity loomed large - and I suggested that this intrinsic attribute is what true artisans 'bring to our pursuits - to make our CRAFT be unequivocally classified as ART'. My belief is that every sincere artisan's integrity is sacrosanct - far away and beyond the 'ordinary' levels of the important principles of proficiency - and basic workmanship. The soul of the artist, deep within, rejects involvement in venues that make him question his deepest beliefs, his worth...his integrity.
Along with countless other craftspersons who value their artistry highly, I have now sought markets that celebrate and support the artist in the craftsperson, and showcase their creativity; their individual talents; their dedicated workmanship. Descriptions of their products and their marketing include words like - 'showcases Australia's most creative, undiscovered art, design & craft talent' - and encourage others to - 'Buy, Sell, and Live Handmade'. A great ethic, that is apparent in the sincere and total artistry in the huge variety of original and skillful craftwork being beautifully presented.
I have mentioned 'artistry' many times - to clarify this, here is a Dictionary definition from a highly respected source - Collins English Dictionary 10th Edition, 2009.
artistry (noun)
"artistic workmanship, ability, or quality...artistic pursuits...great skill"
I have no argument with this definition...especially based on first-hand benefits of staying 'true to my passion'...and never ever compromising ideals or belief in self and my own unique creations. Choice of this particular path brings appreciation, support, kind words and advice, praise from old friends, and the discovery of new friends who prove themselves 'real' (as opposed to 'invited'). Not fame or fortune in the accepted understanding of these words...however...ALL of these things are Pure Gold - treasures beyond compare.
Ask any artisan if they understand and share this feeling.

Household Technology was established to distribute unique high-end and cutting edge products.
At Household Technology we look to find products that use state of the art technology and research to provide quality practical solutions to everyday complexities. We love products that encourage a healthy lifestyle, offer interactive capabilities and most importantly are easy to use.


Technology advances at an incredible pace and it's therefore virtually impossible to keep up to speed with every aspect of technological life, whether it's mobile phones, televisions, household appliances or cameras. And unless you're willing to spend a fortune on these things on a monthly basis there's absolutely no way of owning the latest gizmos and gadgets so what are the advantages and disadvantages to complex household appliances and their simple relations?
The rule tends to be that the more expensive an item, the better it is in terms of the quality of the job it does and the more options and functions it has and when we buy into these items, we accept the fact that when it goes wrong it will be potentially very expensive to replace and more expensive to repair than a simpler version or model.
On the other side of the coin, a simple household appliance which offers one function and one function only may not be as fancy as a more complex version but you can almost guarantee that it was cheaper to manufacture and will therefore cheaper to buy. Based on the same theory, the less component parts that were needed in the manufacturing and design process should mean less expensive appliance repairs. The same can also be said for the recycling process when the appliance in question has reached the end of its life and is no longer cost effective to repair, the less component parts, the less taking apart will be necessary and the quicker and cheaper the recycling process will be.

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Complex household appliances will undoubtedly offer more to the user, with complex washing machines offering all sorts of different cycles, spin speeds, temperatures and so on, every programme you'd ever need to wash anything but a washing machine repair of this kind might well be more expensive. Really the more expensive ones should be built to last longer and a washing machine repair in this case is still highly likely to be a more cost effective option than a replacement, meaning you could end up spending less overall than if you had bought a simple washing machine that was cheaper but cost more to repair than it was probably worth.

Social work is a professional and academic discipline committed to the pursuit of social welfare, social change and social justice. The field works towards research and practice to improve the quality of life and to the development of the potential of each individual, group and community of a society. Social workers perform interventions through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice and teaching. Research is often focused on areas such as human development, social policy, public administration, program evaluation and international and community development. Social workers are organized into local, national, continental and international professional bodies. Social work, an interdisciplinary field, includes theories from economics, education, sociology, medicine, philosophy, politics, psychology.


Social Work Theory and Practice

Our experience is that many students on the social work degree can be intimidated by the word 'theory'. This immediately inhibits effective learning about theory. Theory in social work is about how we relate to others and how we make sure that we are providing effective services. It is important that theory is not seen as the preserve of academics or senior social workers. Through understanding and applying theory to social work practice our work with service users can become far more effective and person centred.

Lots of people think that theory is something purely academic, with no link to "real life". Many social work students cover theory at university, but begin their practice learning experience intimidated by the idea of how to apply theory to their practice and especially concerned about how to demonstrate the links they have made in their assignments and reflective accounts..
Practice learning is about relating the ideas learned in University to the practice setting. However, in order to link theoretical knowledge to practice, students need a firm grasp of the fact that theory is something everybody uses every day in social work and that theory has a clear link to common sense/what works/real life or whatever the phrase of choice is. Without this, theory can become something which seems abstract and this develops the idea that theory is something you learn at University and then forget when you enter the "real world" of work.
The Requirements for Social Work Training state that all social work programmes must:
"Ensure that the teaching of theoretical knowledge, skills and values is based on their application to practice." (Department of Health 2002)
Whilst the basic aspects of social work theory will be taught in the University setting, practice learning is about you transferring your knowledge and applying theory to your practice, and you will need to demonstrate that you can make the links in your written work.

What is theory?
It is our view that social workers in the field and social work students on placement are applying theory every day. Theories in social work are nothing more than an attempt to explain situations and social relationships. Theories have been developed since it became clear that there were similar patterns or repeating cycles of behaviour both in an individual's life and in the lives of lots of different people. Since theories have been expressed by academics and social scientists, they often use an academic language. Theories are life dressed up! Many theories actually have a very straightforward, accessible message even if you sometimes have to look beyond the jargon.
There has been some debate about what actually constitutes a theory. Generally, a theory helps to explain a situation and perhaps how it came about. In science, a theory is seen as helping to:
Sometimes theories are also seen as helping to control a situation and bring about changes.

Social Work Theory and Practice Learning
In doing so, you will be drawing upon some form of theory. Whenever you are considering theory, we would urge you to:

1. Recognise that no single theory can explain everything: When a person engages in an action (or inaction) the reason for their behaviour can be rooted in a range of causes or motives.
2. Related to the first point, recognise that some theoretical approaches just don't work with some people. Applying Brief Solution Focused Therapy can be really effective with some people. For other people, it leaves them cold.
3. Take a critical approach to theory. If it doesn't "work", why not? 4. Always apply the value base to theory - much of the theory used in social care practice and social work is drawn from outside of the profession. Theory may have its roots in education, psychology or management. As such, it may not incorporate social work values and you should take responsibility for applying these
5. And finally, never be intimidated by theory. Why do we need to apply social work theory to practice?

Download Kisi-kisi UN SMK - Vocational Theory

• SMK Program Pekerjaan Sosial

Whilst individual social work theories have different purposes, using all kinds of theory in our work offers us, as social workers, some important things.

** Theories can help us to make sense of a situation. Using theory, we can generate ideas about what is going on, why things are as they are etc. For example the information obtained as part of an assessment can seem like a jumble of information - applying theory can help "make sense" of the information.
** Using theory can help to justify actions and explain practice to service users, carers and society in general. The aim is that this will lead to social work becoming more widely accountable and ultimately more respected.
** In work with individuals, making use of the theories which may relate to their specific situation will give us more direction in our work with them.
** Using theory can give an explanation about why an action resulted in a particular consequence. This can help us review and possibly change our practice in an attempt to make the consequences more effective.

It is clear then, that theory is important in practice - both for work with service users and for social work to be more valued in society.

Office administration is a set of day-to-day activities related to financial planning, billing and recordkeeping, personnel, and physical distribution and logistics, within an organization.
Office administration includes planning work assignments for staff, supervising staff, and requesting new office equipment and repairs on existing equipment. There are a number of descriptions of the administrative function but quite often it is the oil that keeps a business ticking over efficiently. Without a workable administrative system amazing things can happen in a business.
Recently I heard of a new accountant rummaging around in his new role to discover a shoe box of pre Euro European currency notes totaling £300 in value but no longer legal tender. Another story was about the directors' 288 returns (8 of them) sitting neatly in a file - but not sent into Companies House over the past two years.



Some of the usual problems have to do with lost papers, lost vat returns, Inland Revenue dates missed and general muddle. What is worse is to discover that work has not been invoiced or records about jobs are lost or inaccurate.
The essential skills of that administrative support person is an ability to multi task, to keep records straight, to be able to find essential bits of paper immediately and to keep the MD informed of any potential untoward happening while allowing him to get on with the essential business of the organisation. There are a number of areas that loosely fit under administration, especially in a small company. Insurances. Most companies will have office and contents insurance, employer and public liability insurance. There are also special insurance policies to cover company cars, professional indemnity insurance and other key man insurance policies.
Pensions. All companies where there are more that 7 employees should be offering a pension to employees. These are usually Stakeholder pensions and can include pension contributions by the company to employee's pension plans. Pension control sits loosely between the HR function, the payroll and the accountant - but whoever looks after the pension, the detail is important.
Health and Safety. Any company with over 6 employees should have a health and safety policy in place, and this includes having first aid available for employees. Facilities Administration. In small companies, to have an inhouse IT support function is not usually one of the priorities, although it is essential for the smooth and efficient working of the office and someone will need to attend to computers, e-mail problems, printer malfunction and the like. Similarly the functioning of the telephones, alarms and security all fall under administration. Likewise, the ordering of essential supplies is vital to the efficiency of the business.
Accounting. A number of small companies will outsource the accounting function but even when this happens there are finance related functions in the office which need to controlled. One of the essentials is to have an easily visible record of cash in and cash out so that there is an at a glance view of current liquidity. Excel is a flexible vehicle for having these controls in place and easily managed. But some accounting software is very reasonably priced and user friendly and worthwhile investing in while the business is young.
Payroll. Payroll has become a complicated business. The Inland Revenue regularly introduces new legislation which no doubt helps the employees but complicates the payroll process month by month. Most companies will outsource the payroll function but if it is kept in house it needs to be run by a competent trained person using software that is compliant with the Inland Revenue criteria.

Download Kisi-kisi UN SMK - Vocational Theory

• SMK Program 6045 KST Administrasi Perkantoran

Behind the scenes work at offices, corporations, and businesses is not a short list of tasks. Office Administration professionals conquer multiple tasks daily that provide a base for companies across a wide range of industries to succeed. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that employers of office administrators are now progressively seeking candidates who possess a college degree.
Today, degrees in office administration are widely available from a number of online schools and colleges. Students enrolled in courses or programs will learn what it takes to be an office administrator. Day-to-day activities learned will relate to financial planning, billing, and record keeping. The job focuses on these aspects through a range of work that includes supervising staff, preparing work assignments, requesting office equipment, and more.
Online office administration certified programs can leave an individual with an associate's degree. A student can further their education in office administration by ultimately obtaining a master's degree. Length of study will greatly depend on what degree distinction an individual wants to obtain. Courses taken will fall under categories like communication skills, document formatting, keyboarding, business communications, and more. For example, a business class will teach a student concise and effective communication. The course will teach the essential knowledge of how to produce and edit business documents by preparing students with language fundamentals as they relate to business correspondence. Course prices vary from school to school. Some online schools have students paying just for the course, while others may require students to pay a tuition fee as part of the course price. A student enrolled in a program for a set degree rather than separate classes will pay more, but the result will be a higher level of education and a higher success rate when applying for jobs.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that individuals who want to work as an office manager or executive secretary must first obtain a bachelor's degree in office administration. People in this job description have reportedly made an average annual income of $41,000. With a degree office administrators will be eligible to work in various sectors of the economy. These areas include education, government, health care administration, and more. Degree holding professionals are sought after by non-profit organizations, major corporations, small businesses, and agencies.
Before signing up for any online classes or programs check the accreditation of the school. This step will ensure that a student is obtaining a legitimate degree and not wasting time and money on an education that may not be recognized by future employers. Take advantage of the options available through online schooling and enroll in a program today.

Teori kejuruan yang merupakan mata pelajaran kompetensi keahlian di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) mulai diujikan pada Ujian Nasional (UN) utama tahun 2009/2010 di UN pada jenjang sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK).

Meskipun materi ujian ditambah,namun kategori kelulusan tidak akan diubah. Nilai minimal kelulusan tetap dengan rata-rata 5,5 dengan nilai 4 maksimal di dua mata uji. Nah bagi adik-adik para siswa SMK dan sederajat untuk kesuksesan kamu silakan download dan pelajari Kisi-kisi Teori Kejuruan yang diperuntukkan bagi siswa SMK

Download Kisi-kisi Teori Kejuruan UN 2011 SMK

Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Teknologi
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Kesehatan
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Pertanian
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Akuntansi
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Penjualan
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Pariwisata
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Seni
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Kerajinan
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Teknologi Kerumahtanggaan
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Pekerjaan Sosial
Kisi-kisi UN SMK Teori Kejuruan for SMK Administrasi Perkantoran

Pada pelaksanaan UN sebelumnya, mata uji teori kejuruan baru merupakan prasyarat untuk melakukan ujian praktik. Tahun ini kita sudah siap memasukkan teori kejuruan sebagai mata pelajaran yang diujikan pada UN.

UN SMK dilaksanakan dua tahap, ujian pertama adalah tahap praktik kejuruan dilakukan di masing-masing sekolah dipandu oleh mitra industri. Ujian praktik kejuruan dilaksanakan sebelum UN Utama. Ujian kedua adalah UN Utama meliputi mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Matematika, Bahasa Inggris, dan Teori Kejuruan.

Ujian praktik kejuruan termasuk ke dalam mata uji dalam UN dan sebagai pembagi rata-rata nilai UN keseluruhan. Sementara, nilai minimal lulus untuk ujian praktik kejuruan adalah 7,00.

Soal ujian praktik kejuruan dan teori kejuruan dirancang sedemikian rupa berlaku secara menyeluruh sesuai standar isi yang disahkan oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP).

Jadi tidak perlu ada kekhawatiran apa yang akan diujikan. Pada prinsipnya materi secara kurikulum sudah diajarkan dan kita memperhatikan range kemampuan kompetensi siswa. Jadi pasti soalnya juga bukan yang sulit-sulit sekali, tetapi juga bukan soal-soal yang sederhana.

Uuntuk pembelian bahan ujian praktik akan didukung dari anggaran Bantuan Operasional Manajemen Mutu (BOMM) sebanyak Rp 180.000,00 per siswa setelah ada tambahan pagu dari anggaran sebelumnya Rp 120.000,00.

Dana ini disalurkan melalui mekanisme dekonsentrasi ke pemerintah daerah. Alokasi dana BOMM ini ditujukan untuk sekitar 3,2 juta siswa SMK dari total 3,6 juta siswa SMK.

Peserta UN dinyatakan lulus jika memenuhi standar kelulusan UN memiliki nilai rata-rata minimal 5,50 untuk seluruh mata pelajaran yang diujikan, dengan nilai minimal 4,00 untuk paling banyak dua mata pelajaran dan minimal 4,25 untuk mata pelajaran lainnya. Khusus untuk SMK nilai ujian praktik kejuruan minimal 7,00 dan digunakan untuk menghitung nilai rata-rata UN.

Beberapa Peraturan Baru UN SMK

Beberapa aturan aturan baru dalam pelaksanaan ujian nasional (UN) tahun 2011 diantaranya adalah pemberlakuan lima paket soal, komposisi penilaian, tiadanya kesempatan ujian ulang bagi siswa yang tidak lulus, serta ditiadakannya tim independen. Meskipun begitu, para guru dari beberapa sekolah menilai, secara umum mekanisme dan pelaksanaan UN tidak jauh berbeda dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya.
Terutama dari UN praktik, karena dari situ akan terlihat sedalam apa siswa menguasai materi pelajaran.

Dari sekian banyak perbedaan dalam pelaksanaan UN 2011 dengan tahun-tahun sebelumnya, perbedaan paling nyata adalah pemberlakuan lima paket soal dan mekanisme pembagian soal secara acak. Kedua peraturan tersebut merupakan hal paling penting untuk disosialisasikan karena banyaknya keluhan, baik dari siswa maupun para guru tentang pemahaman mereka.

Sementara untuk bobot penilaian, selain 60:40, khusus pada SMK juga menggunakan komposisi lain, yaitu 70 persen dari hasil UN praktik dan 30 persen berdasarkan UN tulis. Aturan baru ini seharusnya dapat melegakan para siswa, mengingat pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya, kelulusan 100 persen dibebankan kepada hasil UN.

Ketua Panitia UN dan Ujian Sekolah SMKN 40 Jakarta Sukarno mengatakan, bobot praktik 70 dan 30 persennya adalah hasil UN tulis diberikan untuk membidik output dari pembelajaran yang diterima siswa. Perbedaan lain yang mencolok adalah ditiadakannya tim pengawas independen dari perguruan tinggi. Pada tahun sebelumnya seperti UN 2009 dan 2010, pengawas dari PTN dibutuhkan untuk membantu melakukan pengawasan pelaksanaan UN di sekolah. Namun, saat ini para guru mengaku siap melayani siswa sebaik mungkin, guna meminimalisir terjadinya kesalahan dalam pelaksanaan UN.

Meskipun berbeda, masalah pelaksanaannya tetap sama. Sama-sama perlu tanggung jawab penuh dalam melaksanakannya..